{
  "dataset": "Learning Outcomes & Skills Gap Dataset",
  "slug": "learning-outcomes-skills-gap-dataset",
  "publisher": "International Research Institute",
  "licence": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licenceUrl": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "doi": "10.62371/iri.data.2026.006",
  "landingPage": "https://internationalresearchinstitute.org/data/learning-outcomes-skills-gap-dataset",
  "unitOfObservation": "country-cohort-year",
  "temporalCoverage": "2010–2025, annual",
  "spatialCoverage": "63 countries, with cohort tracking in a 19-country panel subsample",
  "lastUpdated": "2026-02-14",
  "variablesInFullDataset": 42,
  "recordCount": 288,
  "note": "Open sample extract of the Learning Outcomes & Skills Gap Dataset, released under CC BY 4.0 for reuse with attribution. Values are illustrative of the published series; the maintained dataset carries 42 variables and is also available in SPSS format on request. See the landing page for the full methodology and codebook.",
  "fields": [
    {
      "name": "country",
      "description": "Country or territory name",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "name": "iso3",
      "description": "ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "name": "cohort",
      "description": "Assessed learner cohort",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "name": "year",
      "description": "Assessment year",
      "type": "integer"
    },
    {
      "name": "learning_score",
      "description": "Harmonised learning score (common scale, ~300–650)",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "name": "numeracy_score",
      "description": "Numeracy component (harmonised scale)",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "name": "literacy_score",
      "description": "Literacy component (harmonised scale)",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "name": "skills_gap_index",
      "description": "Assessed-vs-employer-required skills gap (0–100; higher = wider gap)",
      "type": "number"
    },
    {
      "name": "employer_demand_index",
      "description": "Employer skills-demand index (0–100)",
      "type": "string"
    },
    {
      "name": "in_cohort_panel",
      "description": "Country is in the 19-country cohort-tracking panel (yes/no)",
      "type": "string"
    }
  ],
  "records": [
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2010,
      "learning_score": 383.6,
      "numeracy_score": 389.7,
      "literacy_score": 374.4,
      "skills_gap_index": 68.8,
      "employer_demand_index": 63.9,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2013,
      "learning_score": 395.4,
      "numeracy_score": 405.3,
      "literacy_score": 383.7,
      "skills_gap_index": 58,
      "employer_demand_index": 52.7,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2016,
      "learning_score": 425.5,
      "numeracy_score": 428.8,
      "literacy_score": 422.8,
      "skills_gap_index": 55.2,
      "employer_demand_index": 55.9,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2019,
      "learning_score": 458.1,
      "numeracy_score": 450.8,
      "literacy_score": 473.8,
      "skills_gap_index": 50.3,
      "employer_demand_index": 77.5,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2022,
      "learning_score": 465.7,
      "numeracy_score": 459.6,
      "literacy_score": 476.5,
      "skills_gap_index": 54.8,
      "employer_demand_index": 68.5,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
      "year": 2025,
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      "numeracy_score": 490.5,
      "literacy_score": 480.2,
      "skills_gap_index": 45.9,
      "employer_demand_index": 37.4,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
      "year": 2010,
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      "numeracy_score": 402.1,
      "literacy_score": 392.7,
      "skills_gap_index": 61,
      "employer_demand_index": 36.7,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
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      "learning_score": 419.7,
      "numeracy_score": 421.4,
      "literacy_score": 407.1,
      "skills_gap_index": 61.6,
      "employer_demand_index": 76.2,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
      "year": 2016,
      "learning_score": 449.7,
      "numeracy_score": 447.3,
      "literacy_score": 452.7,
      "skills_gap_index": 61.3,
      "employer_demand_index": 59.9,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
      "year": 2019,
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      "numeracy_score": 447.4,
      "literacy_score": 474.4,
      "skills_gap_index": 51.9,
      "employer_demand_index": 33.4,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
      "year": 2022,
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      "numeracy_score": 502.4,
      "literacy_score": 500.9,
      "skills_gap_index": 48.3,
      "employer_demand_index": 73.5,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
    {
      "country": "Portugal",
      "iso3": "PRT",
      "cohort": "Grade 8",
      "year": 2025,
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      "numeracy_score": 511.5,
      "literacy_score": 516.7,
      "skills_gap_index": 47.8,
      "employer_demand_index": 77.9,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
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      "country": "Costa Rica",
      "iso3": "CRI",
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      "numeracy_score": 315.7,
      "literacy_score": 324.6,
      "skills_gap_index": 71.3,
      "employer_demand_index": 52.9,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
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      "country": "Costa Rica",
      "iso3": "CRI",
      "cohort": "Grade 4",
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      "literacy_score": 360.9,
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      "employer_demand_index": 58.5,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
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      "employer_demand_index": 67.4,
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    },
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      "employer_demand_index": 64.5,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
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    },
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      "iso3": "CRI",
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      "literacy_score": 446,
      "skills_gap_index": 60,
      "employer_demand_index": 44.8,
      "in_cohort_panel": "yes"
    },
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    },
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      "literacy_score": 444.5,
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    },
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      "iso3": "AUS",
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      "iso3": "GRC",
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    {
      "country": "Greece",
      "iso3": "GRC",
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      "iso3": "GRC",
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